Professor John Shine AO (born 3 July 1946) is an Australian biochemist; he discovered the nucleotide sequence, called the Shine-Dalgarno sequence, necessary for the initiation of bacterial protein synthesis. He currently directs the Garvan Institute of Medical Research in Sydney, Australia.
Shine was born in Brisbane in 1946. He completed his university studies at the Australian National University (ANU) in Canberra, graduating with a bachelor of science with honours in 1972 and completing his PhD in 1975. During the course of his studies he discovered the RNA sequence necessary for ribosome binding and the initiation of protein synthesis in the bacterium Escherichia coli. The sequence was named the Shine-Dalgarno sequence. This was a key discovery allowing further development of molecular biology, especially genetic engineering, and was an important discovery towards understanding gene expression and regulation.
Shine undertook post doctoral research at the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), during this period he was the first to clone a human hormone gene and was a central figure in the cloning of the insulin and growth hormone genes. He also determined the first sequence responsible for replication of a cancer causing virus.
Returning to Australia and the Australian National University in 1978, he cloned the human renin gene and cloned the human endorphin gene, going on to demonstrate that human hormone genes cloned in bacteria could be expressed in a biologically active form. He also founded the Centre for Recombinant DNA Research at ANU. In 1982 he was awarded that Gottschalk Medal by the Australian Academy of Science.
Shine returned to the United States in 1984, taking a position at UCSF and directing a biotechnology company California Biotechnology Inc. He was instrumental in the development and growth of California Biotechnology, now Scios. Scios was sold to Johnson and Johnson in 2003 for ~USD 3.5 billion.
He returned to Australia again in 1987 to take a professorship in molecular biology at the University of New South Wales and became the deputy director of the Garvan Institute.
In 1994 Shine became a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science. The Academy named their headquarters in Canberra in his honour after Shine donated one million dollars to renovate the dome in 2000.
Shine was made an Officer of the Order of Australia in 1996.
In 1999, the biotechnology company Genentech settled a patent infringement lawsuit, over the alleged use of human growth hormone DNA taken from the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF). John Shine and two other inventors, Peter Seeburg of the Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg, Germany and Howard Goodman of Harvard University, plus two collaborators, John Baxter of UCSF and Juan Martial of Belgium, all formerly at UCSF, split equally about $85 million of the settlement.